183 lines
4.8 KiB
Markdown
183 lines
4.8 KiB
Markdown
# Cardiograph Mark I — simulator for a paper computer
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## Dependencies
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- Node.js
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- readline-sync
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## Run
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### Assemble
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Hex output:
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```./run-assembler run source_code.asm```
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Binary output:
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```./run-assembler runbin source_code.asm```
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Verbose debugging output (hex):
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```./run-assembler debug source_code.asm```
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### Assemble and run
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With animated display of screen memory:
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```./run-cpu run source_code.asm```
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With verbose debugging output:
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```./run-cpu debug source_code.asm```
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With single stepping + pretty-printed display:
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```./run-cpu step source_code.asm```
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With single stepping + verbose debugging output:
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```./run-cpu stepdebug source_code.asm```
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## Registers and Flags
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- `A` - accumulator
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- `IP` - instruction pointer (aka program counter)
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- `FLAGS` - flags: **N**egative, **Z**ero, **O**verflow, **C**arry
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- in machine language, each flag is given a number:
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- N = 3
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Z = 2
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O = 1
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C = 0
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- (bitwise, `0000 = NZOC`)
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## Instruction set
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### Operations
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```
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00 END
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01 STO lit# ; store ... mem[lit#] <- A
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02 STO addr ; store ... mem[mem[addr]] <- A
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03 LDA lit# ; load ... A <- lit#
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04 LDA addr ; load ... A <- mem[addr]
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05 ADD lit# ; add ... A <- A + lit# ... and un/set carry flag
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06 ADD addr ; add ... A <- A + mem[addr] ... and un/set carry flag
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07 SUB lit# ; sub ... A <- A - lit# ... and un/set carry flag
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08 SUB addr ; sub ... A <- A - mem[addr] ... and un/set carry flag
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09 HOP lit# ; hop ... skip next instruction if A == lit# ... when true: IP <- PC + 4
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0A HOP addr ; hop ... skip next instruction if A == addr ... when true: IP <- PC + 4
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0B JMP lit# ; jump ... IP <- lit#
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0C JMP addr ; jump ... IP <- addr
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0D FTG lit# ; toggle flag by number (see details below)
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0E FHP lit# ; flag hop ... skip next instruction if flag is set ... when true: IP <- PC + 4
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0F NOP ———— ; no operation
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```
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- Instructions are two bytes long:
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one byte for the opcode, one for the operand
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```
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Hex Mnem. Operand Effect
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00 END (ignored) Halt CPU
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01 STO literal # mem[lit#] = A
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02 STO address mem[mem[addr]] = A
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03 LDA literal # A = lit#
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04 LDA address A = addr
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05 ADD literal # A = A + lit#
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06 ADD address A = A + mem[addr]
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07 SUB literal # A = A - lit#
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08 SUB address A = A - mem[addr]
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09 HOP literal # If A == lit#, skip next op (IP += 4)
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0A HOP address If A == mem[addr], skip next instruction (IP += 4)
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0B JMP literal # IP = lit#
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0C JMP address IP = mem[addr]
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0D FTG literal # Toggle flag, where flag number == lit#
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0E FHP literal # Skip next op if flag is set, where flag number == lit#
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0F NOP (ignored) None
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```
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### Effects on memory, flags, registers
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```
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op mem flags IP
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END +2
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NOP +2
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STO w +2
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LDA r NZ +2
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ADD NZOC +2
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SUB NZOC +2
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HOP +2/+4
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JMP arg
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FTG NZOC +2
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FHP NZOC +2/+4
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STO r,w +2
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LDA r,r NZ +2
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ADD r NZOC +2
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SUB r NZOC +2
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HOP r +2/+4
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JMP r arg
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FTG r NZOC +2
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FHP r NZOC +2/+4
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```
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## CPU start-up
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When starting up, the CPU executes a `JMP $FF`.
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Put differently: it starts executing instructions at the address contained in `$FF`.
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## Cardiograph memory map
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- `00-19` - display (5x5)
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- `1A ` - pointer to display memory
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- `1B ` - keypad: value of latest key pressed
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- `1C ` - reserved for future use (bank switching flag)
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- `1D-FF` - free
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## Peripherals
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### Keypad
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The value of the latest keypress on a hex keypad is stored at `$1B`.
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The keypad uses the same layout as the COSMAC VIP (and CHIP-8). The CPU simulator maps those keys onto a Qwerty set.
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```
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1 2 3 C 1 2 3 4
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4 5 6 D Q W E R
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7 8 9 E A S D F
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A 0 B F Z X C V
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VIP simulator
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```
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## Assembly language
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ADD $01 ; comments follow a `;`
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ADD $FF ; this is direct addressing
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ADD ($CC) ; this is indirect addressing
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END ; END and NOP don't require operands
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; (the assembler will fill in a default value of 0)
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@subroutine ; create a label
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ADD $01 ; (it must be on the line before the code it names)
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ADD $02
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JMP @subroutine ; use a label as operand
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; the label will be replaced with
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; the address of the label
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#foo $FF ; define a constant
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; (must be defined before it is referenced)
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ADD #foo ; use a constant as an operand
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LDA * ; `*` is a special label referencing the memory address
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; where the current line will be stored after assembly
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- Hexadecimal numbers are preceded by a `$`
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- Whitespace is ignored |